Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual “offspring” areproduced from their “parent” or parents. Whereas mating is the pairing of opposite sex for sexual reproduction. Due to a different kind of species, mating is between two individuals of…
Every spatial object in this earth need to be geo-referenced. It is the process of giving or assigning real world co-ordinate system to the object. Geospatial data should be geographically referenced (called georeferenced or geocoded) in a common co-ordinate system.…
PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) is an exponentially progressing synthesis of the defined target DNA sequences in vitro. PCR is an in-vitro technique for rapidly synthesizing large quantities of a given DNA segment that involves separating the DNA into its two…
Morin and Woodruff (1992) apparently were the first to use the term non-invasive with regard to genotyping material from unrestrained wildlife; however, widespread use of the term and application of the technique in field studies seemed to begin about 5…
Forest Certification is the process by which the performances of on-the-ground forestry operations are assessed against a predetermined set of standards. It is a mechanism for forest monitoring, tracing, and labeling timber, wood, and pulp products and non-timber forests products…
A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to producefertile off-springs. If individuals cannot mate with each other then they are of different species. Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or…
Conservation may be defined as the management and wise use of natural resourcesfor ethical reasons and the benefit of humanity. Conservation Biology is an interdisciplinary subject especially focusing on sciences in the practice of natural resource management for human welfare.…
There are several threats(eg intensive mechanization, commercialization, and siltation, etc) to biodiversity among them deforestation, the introduction and expansion of alien and invasive species, climate change is the major one. Since the industrial revolution, human activities have increasingly destroyed and…
Restoration is an iterative process that includes: 1. Examining preexisting, historic, and current reference conditions prior to designing the restoration plan. 2. Developing a restoration plan. 3. Obtaining the necessary permits, where relevant, to perform the work for restoration. 4.…
A watershed is an area of land from which all the water drains to a common point into a stream, a channel, a lake, a reservoir, or other body of water. A small watershed of a few hectares that drains…